There was a trend for the HSS, BBD and BC groups to ‘understage’ hopelessness. However, the mean sum of the hopelessness score for HSS, BBD and BC groups differed only slightly in other grades. There was a trend for the BBD and BC group to report clearer hopelessness (18.9% and 20.6%, grade III hopelessness, respectively) than the patients in the HSS group (10.7%, grade III hopelessness). Results: The clinical examination and biopsy showed BC in 34 patients, benign breast disease (BBD) in 53 patients, while 28 individuals were shown to be healthy study subjects (HSS). Materials and Methods: In an extension of the Kuopio Breast Cancer Study, 115 women with breast symptoms were evaluated for hopelessness before any diagnostic procedures were carried out. To the Authors' knowledge, the associations between hopelessness and the risk of breast cancer (BC) are rarely considered together in a prospective study. Background: A hopeful attitude is important for psychological well being, and hopelessness is associated with various chronic illnesses, including cancer.
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